小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯 Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. xiǎo ào lǐ fú wēn děr hǔ mǔ sī

Content Introduction

中文

小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯(Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.,1841年3月8日-1935年3月6日)是美国历史上最伟大的法学家之一,也是美国最高法院历史上任职时间最长的法官之一。他以其在法律领域的杰出贡献和深刻的法律思想而闻名于世。

霍姆斯出生于波士顿一个显赫的知识分子家庭,他的父亲是著名诗人和医生奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯。他毕业于哈佛大学,并在美国南北战争中服役。战争的经历对他产生了深远的影响,这影响了他后来的法律思想,让他对法律和正义有了更深刻的理解。

霍姆斯从1882年开始担任哈佛大学法学院教授,他在哈佛法学院的教学极具影响力,他倡导一种注重实践和经验的法学方法,这种方法强调法律应该适应不断变化的社会,并根据实际情况作出调整。他强调法律不仅仅是抽象的规则,更是一种解决社会问题的工具。

1902年,霍姆斯被任命为美国最高法院大法官。在最高法院的三十年中,他参与了大量的重大案件的审理,并发表了大量具有影响力的法学意见书。他的判决和意见书,对美国法律的发展产生了深远的影响,他对言论自由、个人权利、以及政府权力与个人权利之间的平衡的阐述,对现代美国法律的架构有着不可磨灭的贡献。他最著名的判决之一是关于“明确而现实的危险”原则的阐述,这个原则对政府限制言论自由的权力施加了重要的限制。

霍姆斯以其清晰的思维、深刻的洞察力以及对法律的实用主义态度而闻名。他的著作和意见书以其简洁明了的语言而著称,至今仍然被法律学者和法官广泛研读和引用。他的思想对现代法学理论产生了深远的影响,并且他的法律思想深刻影响着当代美国法律的实践。他的思想强调法的演变是基于社会实践的经验的累积,而不是从先验的抽象原则出发。

总而言之,小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯是一位具有深远影响力的法学家和法官,他的思想和贡献对美国法律和社会都产生了深远的影响,他的生平和成就值得我们永远铭记。

拼音

Ōlìfú Wēndé'ěr Huòmǔsī Jiǔ (Ōlìfú Wēndé'ěr Huòmǔsī Jr., 1841 nián 3 yuè 8 rì-1935 nián 3 yuè 6 rì) shì Měiguó lìshǐ shàng zuì wěidà de fǎxuéjiā zhī yī, yěshì Měiguó zuìgāo fǎyuàn lìshǐ shàng rènzhí shíjiān zuì cháng de fǎguān zhī yī. Tā yǐ qí zài fǎlǜ lǐngyù de jiéchū gòngxiàn hé shēnkè de fǎlǜ sīxiǎng ér wénmíng yú shì.

Huòmǔsī chūshēng yú Bōshìdùn yīgè xiǎnhè de zhīshì fēnzǐ jiātíng, tā de fùqīn shì zhùmíng shīrén hé yīshēng Àolìfú Wēndé'ěr Huòmǔsī. Tā bìyè yú Hāfú dàxué, bìng zài Měiguó nánběi zhànzhēng zhōng fúyì. Zhànzhēng de jīnglì duì tā chǎnshēng le shēnyuǎn de yǐngxiǎng, zhè yǐngxiǎng le tā hòulái de fǎlǜ sīxiǎng, ràng tā duì fǎlǜ hé zhèngyì yǒu le gèng shēnkè de lǐjiě.

Huòmǔsī cóng 1882 nián kāishǐ dānrèn Hāfú dàxué fǎxuéyuàn jiàoshòu, tā zài Hāfú fǎxuéyuàn de jiàoxué jí jù yǐngxiǎng lì, tā chǎngdǎo yī zhǒng zhùzhòng shíjiàn hé jīngyàn de fǎxué fāngfǎ, zhè zhǒng fāngfǎ qiángdiào fǎlǜ yīnggāi shìyìng bùduàn biànhuà de shèhuì, bìng gēnjù shíjì qíngkuàng zuò chū tiáozhěng. Tā qiángdiào fǎlǜ bù jǐn jǐn shì chuàngxiàng de guīzé, gèng shì yī zhǒng jiějué shèhuì wèntí de gōngjù.

1902 nián, Huòmǔsī bèi rèn mìng wèi Měiguó zuìgāo fǎyuàn dà fǎguān. Zài zuìgāo fǎyuàn de sān shí nián zhōng, tā cānyù le dàliàng de zhòngdà ànjiàn de shěnlǐ, bìng fābǐao le dàliàng jùyǒu yǐngxiǎng lì de fǎxué yìjiàn shū. Tā de pànjué hé yìjiàn shū, duì Měiguó fǎlǜ de fāzhǎn chǎnshēng le shēnyuǎn de yǐngxiǎng, tā duì yánlùn zìyóu, gèrén quánlì, yǐjí zhèngfǔ quánlì yǔ gèrén quánlì zhī jiān de pínghéng de chǎnshù, duì xiàndài Měiguó fǎlǜ de jiàgòu yǒu zhe bùkě mòmiè de gòngxiàn. Tā zuì zhùmíng de pànjué zhī yī shì guānyú “míngquè ér xiànshí de wēixiǎn” yuánzé de chǎnshù, zhège yuánzé duì zhèngfǔ xiànzhì yánlùn zìyóu de quánlì shījiā le zhòngyào de xiànzhì.

Huòmǔsī yǐ qí qīngxī de sīwéi, shēnkè de dòngchā lì yǐjí duì fǎlǜ de shíyòng zhǔyì tàidu ér wénmíng. Tā de zhùzuò hé yìjiàn shū yǐ qí jiǎnjié míngliǎo de yǔyán ér zhùchēng, zhìjīn réngrán bèi fǎlǜ xué zhě hé fǎguān guǎngfàn yán dú hé yǐnyòng. Tā de sīxiǎng duì xiàndài fǎxué lǐlùn chǎnshēng le shēnyuǎn de yǐngxiǎng, bìngqiě tā de fǎlǜ sīxiǎng shēnkè yǐngxiǎng zhe dāngdài Měiguó fǎlǜ de shíjiàn. Tā de sīxiǎng qiángdiào fǎ de yǎnbiàn shì jīyú shèhuì shíjiàn de jīngyàn de lěijī, ér bùshì cóng xiānyàn de chuàngxiàng yuánzé chūfā.

Zǒngzhī ér yán, xiǎo Àolìfú Wēndé'ěr Huòmǔsī shì yī wèi jùyǒu shēnyuǎn yǐngxiǎng lì de fǎxuéjiā hé fǎguān, tā de sīxiǎng hé gòngxiàn duì Měiguó fǎlǜ hé shèhuì dōu chǎnshēng le shēnyuǎn de yǐngxiǎng, tā de shēngpíng hé chéngjiù zhídé wǒmen yǒngyuǎn míngjì.

English

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (March 8, 1841 – March 6, 1935) was one of the greatest legal minds in American history and one of the longest-serving justices on the U.S. Supreme Court. He is renowned for his outstanding contributions to the field of law and his profound legal philosophy.

Born into a prominent intellectual family in Boston—his father was the renowned poet and physician Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.—Holmes graduated from Harvard University and served in the American Civil War. The war profoundly impacted him, shaping his later legal thought and providing him with a deeper understanding of law and justice.

Beginning in 1882, Holmes served as a professor at Harvard Law School. His teaching was immensely influential, advocating a practical and experiential approach to law. This approach emphasized that law should adapt to the ever-changing society and adjust according to practical circumstances. He stressed that law was not merely abstract rules but a tool for solving societal problems.

In 1902, Holmes was appointed as an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. During his three decades on the Court, he participated in numerous landmark cases and delivered many influential opinions. His rulings and opinions profoundly impacted the development of American law. His elucidations on freedom of speech, individual rights, and the balance between governmental power and individual rights have made an indelible contribution to the structure of modern American law. One of his most famous rulings involved the articulation of the "clear and present danger" test, which significantly limits the government's power to restrict freedom of speech.

Holmes was known for his clear thinking, profound insight, and pragmatic approach to law. His writings and opinions are characterized by their concise and clear language and are still widely read and cited by legal scholars and judges today. His thought has had a profound influence on modern legal theory, and his legal philosophy profoundly influences the practice of contemporary American law. His philosophy emphasizes the evolution of law based on the accumulated experience of social practice, rather than starting from abstract a priori principles.

In short, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. was a jurist and judge of profound influence. His ideas and contributions have had a lasting impact on American law and society, and his life and achievements deserve to be remembered.

Dialogues

Dialogues 1

中文

A: 你知道小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯吗?
B: 知道,他是美国一位著名的法学家和最高法院大法官,对美国法律发展影响深远。
A: 是的,他的法律观点非常有影响力,特别是他的实用主义法学思想。
B: 他的一些判决至今仍被引用,例如他关于言论自由的观点。
A: 他的思想确实很超前,在当时具有很强的社会批判性。
B: 没错,他的思想对后来几代法律人都有很大的启迪作用。
A: 除了法律方面,他还写了不少文章,他的个人生活也很有趣。
B: 是的,了解他,可以更深入地了解美国法律和社会的历史。

拼音

A: nǐ zhīdào xiǎo ào lǐ fú wēn děr hǔ mǔ sī ma?
B: zhīdào, tā shì měiguó yī wèi zhùmíng de fǎ xué jiā hé zuì gāo fǎ yuàn dà dà guān, duì měiguó fǎlǜ fāzhǎn yǐngxiǎng shēnyuǎn.
A: shì de, tā de fǎlǜ guāndiǎn fēicháng yǒu yǐngxiǎng lì, tèbié shì tā de shíyòng zhǔyì fǎ xué sīxiǎng.
B: tā de yīxiē pànjué zhìjīn réng bèi yǐnyòng, lìrú tā guānyú yánlùn zìyóu de guāndiǎn.
A: tā de sīxiǎng quèshí hěn chāoqián, zài dāngshí jùyǒu hěn qiáng de shèhuì pīpàn xìng.
B: méicuò, tā de sīxiǎng duì hòulái jǐ dài fǎlǜ rén dōu yǒu hěn dà de qǐdí zuòyòng.
A: chúle fǎlǜ fāngmiàn, tā hái xiě le bù shǎo wénzhāng, tā de gèrén shēnghuó yě hěn yǒuqù.
B: shì de, liǎojiě tā, kěyǐ gèng shēnrù de liǎojiě měiguó fǎlǜ hé shèhuì de lìshǐ.
A: kěyǐ gào sù wǒ gèng duō guānyú tā de shíyòng zhǔyì fǎ xué sīxiǎng ma?

English

A: Do you know Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.?
B: Yes, he was a renowned American jurist and Supreme Court Justice, profoundly influencing the development of American law.
A: Yes, his legal perspectives were highly influential, especially his pragmatic legal philosophy.
B: Some of his rulings are still cited today, such as his views on freedom of speech.
A: His thoughts were indeed ahead of his time and possessed strong social criticism.
B: That's right, his thoughts have greatly enlightened generations of legal professionals.
A: Besides law, he also wrote many articles, and his personal life was also interesting.
B: Yes, understanding him allows for a deeper understanding of the history of American law and society.
A: Can you tell me more about his pragmatic legal philosophy?

Cultural Background

中文

实用主义法学在美国法律发展中占据重要地位

言论自由在美国文化中具有核心地位

最高法院在美国司法体系中起着至关重要的作用

Advanced Expressions

中文

His jurisprudence significantly shaped American legal thought.

He articulated a pragmatic approach to legal interpretation.

His opinions remain highly influential in constitutional law.

Key Points

中文

适用于对美国法律史、美国最高法院、法学思想感兴趣的人群,使用时需注意上下文语境,避免出现误解,要区分小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯和他的父亲奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯,该场景适用于正式和非正式场合,但需根据具体情况调整语言风格

Practice Tips

中文

多阅读关于奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯的英文资料

练习用英语表达他的主要法律观点

与他人讨论他的法律思想对现代社会的影响