玛格丽特·米德 Margaret Mead Mǎ gǔ lì tè · Mǐ dé

Content Introduction

中文

玛格丽特·米德(Margaret Mead,1901年12月16日-1978年11月15日)是美国著名的人类学家,文化人类学领域的先驱人物之一。她以对太平洋岛屿社会的研究而闻名,其作品对20世纪的人类学和社会科学产生了深远的影响。米德出生于费城一个相对自由开明的家庭,这对她日后的学术研究产生了重要的影响。她在巴纳德学院学习,后获得哥伦比亚大学博士学位。

米德的研究重点是文化与人格的关系,她认为文化塑造个体的人格,同时个体的人格也影响着文化。她通过田野调查的方式,深入研究了萨摩亚、巴厘岛和新几内亚等地的社会文化,并撰写了大量具有影响力的著作,例如《萨摩亚人的成年》、《巴厘岛人》和《性与气质》。

她的研究成果挑战了当时西方社会的一些传统观念,例如她对萨摩亚青少年性行为的研究,对美国社会普遍存在的关于性压抑和道德的观点造成了冲击。米德的著作深入浅出,通俗易懂,使得人类学研究成果能够被更广泛的社会大众所了解。她的工作也扩展到了跨文化沟通,促进不同文化间的理解和尊重。

米德的成就和影响远不止于学术界,她还积极参与社会活动,为提高公众对文化多样性的认识和理解做出了贡献。她的思想与美国20世纪的社会思潮息息相关,她的研究也为社会政策的制定提供了重要的参考。尽管她的某些研究结论后来受到了一些质疑,但她的开拓性工作和对人类学领域所做的贡献是不可磨灭的,她对文化相对论的倡导,对促进跨文化理解和包容有着深远的影响。

拼音

Mǎ gǔ lì tè mǐ dé (Margaret Mead, 1901 nián 12 yuè 16 rì — 1978 nián 11 yuè 15 rì) shì měiguó zhùmíng de rénlèixué jiā, wénhuà rénlèixué lǐngyù de xiānqū rénwù zhī yī. Tā yǐ duì Tài píng yáng dǎoyǔ shèhuì de yánjiū ér wénmíng, qí zuòpǐn duì 20 shìjì de rénlèixué hé shèhuì kēxué chǎnshēng le shēnyuǎn de yǐngxiǎng. Mǐ dé chūshēng yú Fèichéng yīgè xiāngduì zìyóu kāimíng de jiātíng, zhè duì tā rìhòu de xuéshù yánjiū chǎnshēng le zhòngyào de yǐngxiǎng. Tā zài Bānàdé xuéyuàn xuéxí, hòu huòdé Gēluómbìyà dàxué bóshì xuéwèi.

Mǐ dé de yánjiū zhòngdiǎn shì wénhuà yǔ rén gé de guānxi, tā rènwéi wénhuà sùzào gè tǐ de rén gé, tóngshí gè tǐ de rén gé yě yǐngxiǎng zhe wénhuà. Tā tōngguò tiányě diàochá de fāngshì, shēnrù yánjiū le Sàmòyà, Bālǐ dǎo hé Xīnjīníyà děng dì de shèhuì wénhuà, bìng zhuànxiě le dàliàng jùyǒu yǐngxiǎng lì de zhùzuò, lìrú《Sàmòyà rén de chéngnián》、《Bālǐ dǎorén》hé《xìng yǔ qìzhì》。

Tā de yánjiū chéngguǒ tiǎozhàn le dāngshí xīfāng shèhuì de yīxiē chuántǒng guānniàn, lìrú tā duì Sàmòyà qīngshàonián xìng xíngwéi de yánjiū, duì měiguó shèhuì pǔbiàn cúnzài de guānyú xìng yāyì hé dàodé de guāndiǎn zàochéng le chōngjī. Mǐ dé de zhùzuò shēnrù qiǎnchū, tōngsú yǐdǒng, shǐde rénlèixué yánjiū chéngguǒ nénggòu bèi gèng guǎngfàn de shèhuì dàzhòng suǒ liǎojiě. Tā de gōngzuò yě tuòzhǎn dàole kuà wénhuà gōutōng, cùjìn bùtóng wénhuà jiān de lǐjiě hé zūnjìng.

Mǐ dé de chéngjiù hé yǐngxiǎng yuǎn bù zhì yú xuéshù jiè, tā hái jījí cānyù shèhuì huódòng, wèi tígāo gōngzhòng duì wénhuà duōyàngxìng de rènshí hé lǐjiě zuòchū le gòngxiàn. Tā de sīxiǎng yǔ měiguó 20 shìjì de shèhuì sīcháo xīxī xiāngguān, tā de yánjiū yě wèi shèhuì zhèngcè de zhìdìng tígōng le zhòngyào de cānkǎo. Jǐnguǎn tā de mǒuxiē yánjiū jiélùn hòulái shòudào le yīxiē zhìyí, dàn tā de kāituò xìng gōngzuò hé duì rénlèixué lǐngyù suǒ zuò de gòngxiàn shì bùkě mòmiè de, tā duì wénhuà xiāngduìlùn de chàngdǎo, duì cùjìn kuà wénhuà lǐjiě hé bāoróng yǒu zhe shēnyuǎn de yǐngxiǎng.

English

Margaret Mead (December 16, 1901 – November 15, 1978) was a renowned American anthropologist and a pioneering figure in cultural anthropology. She is best known for her research on the societies of the Pacific Islands, and her work profoundly impacted anthropology and social sciences in the 20th century. Born into a relatively liberal and open-minded family in Philadelphia, this background significantly influenced her later academic pursuits. She studied at Barnard College and later earned a PhD from Columbia University.

Mead's research focused on the relationship between culture and personality. She argued that culture shapes individual personality, and conversely, individual personalities also influence culture. Through fieldwork, she intensively studied the social cultures of places like Samoa, Bali, and New Guinea, producing numerous influential works, such as Coming of Age in Samoa, Balinese Character, and Sex and Temperament.

Her findings challenged prevailing Western societal norms. For instance, her research on adolescent sexuality in Samoa challenged the then-common American views on sexual repression and morality. Mead's writings were accessible and understandable, making anthropological research accessible to a wider public. Her work also extended to cross-cultural communication, fostering understanding and respect between different cultures.

Mead's achievements and influence extended beyond academia. She actively participated in social activism, contributing to raising public awareness and understanding of cultural diversity. Her ideas were intertwined with the social currents of 20th-century America, and her research served as an important reference for social policy formulation. Although some of her research conclusions have been later questioned, her pioneering work and contributions to the field of anthropology are undeniable. Her advocacy of cultural relativism continues to have a profound impact on fostering cross-cultural understanding and tolerance.

Dialogues

Dialogues 1

中文

A: 你听说过玛格丽特·米德吗?
B: 听说过,好像是一位著名的美国人类学家?
A: 对,她研究过太平洋岛屿的文化,对我们理解不同文化很有帮助。
B: 她的研究有什么特别之处吗?
A: 她特别关注文化相对论,认为不能用一种文化标准来衡量其他文化。
B: 听起来很有意思,有机会我得了解一下她的著作。
A: 是的,她的很多著作至今都很重要。

拼音

A: nǐ tīng shuō guò mǎ gǔ lì tè mǐ dé ma?
B: tīng shuō guò, hǎo xiàng shì yī wèi zhù míng de měiguó rénlèixué jiā?
A: duì, tā yánjiū guò Tài píng yáng dǎoyǔ de wénhuà, duì wǒmen lǐjiě bùtóng wénhuà hěn yǒu bāngzhù.
B: tā de yánjiū yǒu shénme tèbié zhī chù ma?
A: tā tèbié guānzhù wénhuà xiāngduìlùn, rènwéi bù néng yòng yī zhǒng wénhuà biāozhǔn lái héngliáng qítā wénhuà.
B: tīng qǐlái hěn yǒu yìsi, yǒu jīhuì wǒ děi liǎojiě yīxià tā de zhùzuò.
A: shì de, tā de hěn duō zhùzuò zhìjīn dōu hěn zhòngyào.

English

A: Have you ever heard of Margaret Mead?
B: Yes, I think she was a famous American anthropologist.
A: That's right. She studied the cultures of Pacific islands and her work is very helpful for understanding different cultures.
B: What's special about her research?
A: She focused on cultural relativism, arguing that you can't judge other cultures by the standards of your own.
B: That sounds very interesting. I should learn more about her writings sometime.
A: Yes, many of her books remain influential today.

Cultural Background

中文

在介绍Margaret Mead时,需要考虑到文化背景差异,比如她所研究的太平洋岛屿文化和美国文化之间的不同。

在正式场合,可以使用更正式的语言和表达方式;在非正式场合,可以使用更轻松自然的语言。

使用文化相对论的理念来理解不同文化之间的差异,避免用自身的文化标准来评价其他文化。

Advanced Expressions

中文

Her groundbreaking research challenged established norms and paradigms.

Mead's work transcended disciplinary boundaries, influencing not only anthropology but also sociology and psychology.

Her legacy continues to resonate in contemporary discussions of cultural relativism and cross-cultural understanding.

Key Points

中文

介绍玛格丽特·米德时,应重点突出她对文化人类学以及文化相对论的贡献。,注意使用场景,对不同年龄和身份的人,介绍的内容和方式应有所调整。,避免使用过多的专业术语,尽量使用通俗易懂的语言。,要避免对她的研究结论进行简单的肯定或否定,而应客观地介绍其影响力和局限性。

Practice Tips

中文

可以先阅读一些关于玛格丽特·米德生平和研究的资料,以便更好地了解她及其工作。

可以与朋友或同学一起练习对话,互相纠正发音和表达方式。

可以尝试将介绍玛格丽特·米德的材料改编成不同的形式,例如演讲稿或文章。