米尔顿·弗里德曼 Milton Friedman Mǐ ěr dun · fú lì dé mǎn

Content Introduction

中文

米尔顿·弗里德曼(Milton Friedman,1912年7月31日-2006年11月16日),是20世纪最重要的经济学家之一,以其在货币主义、消费函数和市场经济方面的贡献而闻名于世。他出生于美国纽约,在芝加哥大学任教多年,对美国及全球经济政策产生了深远的影响。

弗里德曼的货币主义理论强调货币供应量对经济增长的重要性。他认为,政府对货币供应量的控制是稳定物价的关键。这一理论对20世纪70年代的美国经济政策产生了重大影响,当时美国正经历严重的通货膨胀。他的观点对控制通货膨胀和稳定经济起到了关键作用,但同时也受到批评,部分人认为其理论过于简化,忽视了其他经济因素。

弗里德曼也是自由市场经济的坚定支持者。他反对政府干预经济,主张政府应该将经济活动限制在最小的范围内。他认为,自由市场能够更有效地配置资源,从而促进经济增长和社会进步。这一观点在美国的政治和经济辩论中激起了激烈的讨论,并且深刻地影响着美国的政策制定。

弗里德曼获得了1976年的诺贝尔经济学奖,以表彰他对消费分析、货币历史和波动理论以及对稳定政策复杂性的证明所做出的贡献。他的著作,例如《资本主义与自由》和《自由选择》,至今仍然被广泛阅读和讨论,对经济学和政治学领域产生了持久的影响。他的思想对美国乃至全球的经济政策和公众认知都有着深远的影响。他的作品至今仍被全球的经济学者和学生广泛研读。

拼音

Mǐ ěr dun · fú lì dé mǎn (Mìltún Fúlìdémǎn, 1912 nián 7 yuè 31 rì — 2006 nián 11 yuè 16 rì), shì 20 shì jì zuì zhòng yào de jīng jì xué jiā zhī yī, yǐ qí zài huò bì zhǔ yì, xiāo fèi hán shù hé shì chǎng jīng jì fāng miàn de gòng xiàn ér wén míng yú shì. tā chū shēng yú měi guó niǔ yuē, zài zhī gāo dà xué rèn jiào duō nián, duì měi guó jí quán qiú jīng jì zhèng cè chǎn shēng le shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎng.

Fú lì dé mǎn de huò bì zhǔ yì lǐ lùn qiáng diào huò bì gōng yìng liàng duì jīng jì zēng zhǎng de zhòng yào xìng. tā rèn wéi, zhèng fǔ duì huò bì gōng yìng liàng de kòng zhì shì wěndìng wù jià de guān jiàn. zhè yī lǐ lùn duì 20 shì jì 70 nián dài de měi guó jīng jì zhèng cè chǎn shēng le zhòng dà yǐng xiǎng, dàn shí měi guó zhèng jīng lì yán zhòng de tōng huò péng zhǎng. tā de guān diǎn duì kòng zhì tōng huò péng zhǎng hé wěndìng jīng jì qǐ dào le guān jiàn zuò yòng, dàn yě tóng shí shòu dào pī píng, bù fèn rén rèn wéi qí lǐ lùn guò yú jiǎn huà, hū shì le qí tā jīng jì yīn sū.

Fú lì dé mǎn yě shì zì yóu shì chǎng jīng jì de jiān dìng zhī chí zhě. tā fǎn duì zhèng fǔ gān yù jīng jì, zhǔ zhāng zhèng fǔ yīng gāi jiāng jīng jì huó dòng xiàn zhì zài zuì xiǎo de fàn wéi. tā rèn wéi, zì yóu shì chǎng néng gòu gèng yǒu xiào dì pèi zhì zī yuán, cóng ér tù jìn jīng jì zēng zhǎng hé shè huì jìn bù. zhè yī guān diǎn zài měi guó de zhèng zhì hé jīng jì biàn lùn zhōng jī qǐ le jī liè de tǎo lùn, bìng qiě shēn kè dì yǐng xiǎng zhe měi guó de zhèng cè zhì dìng.

Fú lì dé mǎn huò dé le 1976 nián de nuò běi ěr jīng jì xué jiǎng, yǐ zhǎo bǎo tā duì xiāo fèi fēn xī, huò bì lì shǐ hé bō dòng lǐ lùn hé yǐ jié zhèng cè fù zá xìng de zhèng míng suǒ zuò chū de gòng xiàn. tā de zuò zhù, lì rú《zī běn zhǔ yì yǔ zì yóu》hé《zì yóu xuǎn zé》, zhì jīn réng rán bèi guǎng fàn yuè dú hé tǎo lùn, duì jīng jì xué hé zhèng zhì xué lǐng yù chǎn shēng le chí jiǔ de yǐng xiǎng. tā de sī xiǎng duì měi guó nǎi zhì quán qiú de jīng jì zhèng cè hé gōng zhòng rèn zhī dōu yǒu zhe shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎng. tā de zuò pǐn zhì jīn réng bèi quán qiú de jīng jì xué zhě hé xué shēng guǎng fàn yán dú.

English

Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was one of the most influential economists of the 20th century, renowned for his contributions to monetarism, the consumption function, and market economics. Born in New York City, he spent many years teaching at the University of Chicago and profoundly impacted both U.S. and global economic policies.

Friedman's monetarist theory emphasized the importance of the money supply on economic growth. He argued that government control over the money supply is key to stable prices. This theory significantly impacted U.S. economic policy in the 1970s, when the country faced severe inflation. His insights played a crucial role in controlling inflation and stabilizing the economy but also faced criticism for being overly simplistic and neglecting other economic factors.

Friedman was also a staunch advocate of free-market economics. He opposed government intervention in the economy, arguing that the government should limit its involvement to a minimum. He believed that free markets allocate resources more efficiently, thereby promoting economic growth and social progress. This perspective spurred vigorous debate in American political and economic discussions and profoundly influenced U.S. policymaking.

Friedman received the 1976 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy. His books, such as *Capitalism and Freedom* and *Free to Choose*, remain widely read and discussed, exerting a lasting influence on economics and political science. His ideas had a profound and lasting impact on economic policy and public understanding in the U.S. and globally, with his works continuing to be studied widely by economists and students worldwide.

Dialogues

Dialogues 1

中文

A: 你对米尔顿·弗里德曼了解多少?
B: 我知道他是著名的经济学家,倡导自由市场经济。他的一些观点对美国的经济政策产生了深远的影响,例如对通货膨胀的控制和税收改革。
A: 他的货币主义理论是什么?
B: 简而言之,就是认为货币供应量的变化是影响经济活动的主要因素。增加货币供应量会导致通货膨胀,减少则会抑制经济增长。
A: 他的观点在美国的实践中取得了怎样的成效?
B: 这很难一概而论。他的观点推动了一些成功的经济政策,但也招致了批评,有人认为他的理论过于简化,忽略了其他重要因素。
A: 你认为他的理论在当今世界还有 relevance 吗?
B: 当然有。尽管存在局限性,他的许多观点仍然对理解通货膨胀、货币政策等问题至关重要。他的思想影响至今依然可见。

拼音

A: nǐ duì mǐ ěr dun · fú lì dé mǎn liǎo jiě duō shao?
B: wǒ zhī dào tā shì zhù míng de jīng jì xué jiā, chàng dǎo zì yóu shì chǎng jīng jì. tā de yī xiē guān diǎn duì měi guó de jīng jì zhèng cè chǎn shēng le shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎng, lì rú duì tōng huò péng zhǎng de kòng zhì hé shuì shōu gǎi gé.
A: tā de huò bì zhǔ yì lǐ lùn shì shén me?
B: jiǎn zhī ér yán, jiù shì rèn wéi huò bì gōng yìng liàng de biàn huà shì yǐng xiǎng jīng jì huó dòng de zhǔ yào yīn sū. zēng jiā huò bì gōng yìng liàng huì dǎo zhì tōng huò péng zhǎng, jiǎn shǎo zé huì yì zhì jīng jì zēng zhǎng.
A: tā de guān diǎn zài měi guó de shí jiàn zhōng qǔ dé le zěn yàng de chéng xiào?
B: zhè hěn nán yī gài ér lùn. tā de guān diǎn tuī dōng le yī xiē chéng gōng de jīng jì zhèng cè, dàn yě zhāo zhì le pī píng, yǒu rén rèn wéi tā de lǐ lùn guò yú jiǎn huà, huǒ lüè le qí tā zhòng yào yīn sū.
A: nǐ rèn wéi tā de lǐ lùn zài dāng jīn shì jiè hái yǒu relevance ma?
B: dāng rán yǒu. jǐn guǎn cún zài jú xiàn xìng, tā de xǔ duō guān diǎn réng rán duì lǐ jiě tōng huò péng zhǎng, huò bì zhèng cè děng wèntí zhì guān zhòng yào. tā de sī xiǎng yǐng xiǎng zhì jīn yī rán kě jiàn.

English

A: How much do you know about Milton Friedman?
B: I know he was a famous economist who advocated for free-market economics. His ideas had a profound impact on US economic policy, such as controlling inflation and tax reform.
A: What is his monetarist theory?
B: In short, it argues that changes in the money supply are the primary factor affecting economic activity. Increasing the money supply leads to inflation, while decreasing it suppresses economic growth.
A: How effective were his ideas in practice in the US?
B: That's hard to say definitively. His ideas have driven some successful economic policies, but they have also drawn criticism; some argue that his theory is too simplistic and ignores other important factors.
A: Do you think his theories are still relevant in today's world?
B: Of course. Despite their limitations, many of his ideas remain crucial for understanding inflation, monetary policy, and other such issues. The influence of his thought is still visible today.

Cultural Background

中文

自由市场经济在美国文化中占据着重要的地位,与政府干预经济的观点形成对比。

理解弗里德曼的思想需要了解美国20世纪的政治经济环境,尤其是通货膨胀和政府干预的背景。

在正式场合,讨论弗里德曼的理论需要使用精准、学术化的语言。非正式场合下,可以采用更轻松的表达方式。

Advanced Expressions

中文

弗里德曼的货币主义理论对凯恩斯主义经济学提出了挑战。

他的自由市场观点对美国经济政策产生了深远而复杂的影响。

理解弗里德曼的思想需要结合当时的社会和政治背景。

Key Points

中文

适用年龄:高中以上。,适用身份:对经济学、历史有一定了解的人群。,常见错误:对弗里德曼理论的理解过于简单化或片面化。

Practice Tips

中文

尝试用自己的话概括弗里德曼的主要经济理论。

与他人讨论弗里德曼的理论对现代社会的影响。

阅读弗里德曼的著作,例如《资本主义与自由》和《自由选择》。