约翰·杜威 John Dewey Yuēhán · Dūwēi

Content Introduction

中文

约翰·杜威（John Dewey，1859年10月20日－1952年6月1日）是美国著名的哲学家、心理学家和教育改革家。他的实用主义哲学和经验主义教育理论对20世纪的美国乃至全球教育产生了深远的影响。杜威出生于佛蒙特州，在密歇根大学和约翰·霍普金斯大学学习，后来在芝加哥大学和哥伦比亚大学任教。他的教育思想的核心是“学习通过做”，他提倡在教育中强调经验学习、儿童中心和民主原则。杜威认为，教育不应只是知识的灌输，而应该培养学生的批判性思维、问题解决能力和社会责任感。他设计的实验学校旨在实践他的教育理念，为现代教育的改革提供了宝贵的经验。他的著作《民主主义与教育》、《学校与社会》等对教育实践产生了深远的影响，至今仍被广泛研究和讨论。杜威的思想深深植根于美国的民主传统和社会变革的时代背景，他致力于将教育作为塑造公民品格和促进社会进步的工具。在当时美国快速发展的社会环境中，他的教育思想对社会发展起到了巨大的推动作用。

拼音

Yuēhán · Dūwēi (John Dewey, 1859 nián 10 yuè 20 rì — 1952 nián 6 yuè 1 rì) shì měiguó zhùmíng de zhéxuéjiā, xīnlǐxuéjiā hé jiàoyù gǎigéjiā. Tā de shíyòng zhǔyì zhéxué hé jīngyàn zhǔyì jiàoyù lìlún duì 20 shìjì de měiguó nǎizhì quánqiú jiàoyù chǎnshēng le shēnyuǎn de yǐngxiǎng. Dūwēi chūshēng yú fúméngtè zhōu, zài mìxīgēn dàxué hé yuēhán · huòpǔjīngs dàxué xuéxí, hòulái zài zhībǎgāo dàxué hé gēlóngbiyà dàxué rènjiào. Tā de jiàoyù sīxiǎng de héxīn shì “xuéxí tōngguò zuò”, tā tíchǎng zài jiàoyù zhōng qiángdiào jīngyàn xuéxí, értóng zhōngxīn hé mínzhǔ yuánzé. Dūwēi rènwéi, jiàoyù bù yīng zhǐshì zhīshì de guàn shū, ér yīnggāi péiyǎng xuésheng de pīpàn xìng sīwéi, wèntí jiějué nénglì hé shèhuì zérèngǎn. Tā shèjì de shíyàn xuéxiào zài zhǐ shíxiàn tā de jiàoyù lǐniàn, wèi xiàndài jiàoyù de gǎigé tígōng le bǎoguì de jīngyàn. Tā de zhuzuò《mínzhǔ zhǔyì yǔ jiàoyù》、《xuéxiào yǔ shèhuì》děng duì jiàoyù shíjiàn chǎnshēng le shēnyuǎn de yǐngxiǎng, zhìjīn réng bèi guǎngfàn yánjiū hé tǎolùn. Dūwēi de sīxiǎng shēn shēn zhí gēn yú měiguó de mínzhǔ chuántǒng hé shèhuì biàngé de shídài bèijǐng, tā zhìlì yú jiāng jiàoyù zuòwéi sùzào gōngmín pǐngé hé cùjìn shèhuì jìnbù de gōngjù. Zài dāngshí měiguó kuàisù fāzhǎn de shèhuì huánjìng zhōng, tā de jiàoyù sīxiǎng duì shèhuì fāzhǎn qǐdàole jùdà de tuīdòng zuòyòng.

English

John Dewey (October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was a highly influential American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer. His pragmatist philosophy and experientialist educational theory profoundly impacted 20th-century education in the United States and globally. Born in Vermont, Dewey studied at the University of Michigan and Johns Hopkins University before teaching at the University of Chicago and Columbia University. Central to his educational philosophy was the concept of "learning by doing." He advocated for experiential learning, child-centered education, and democratic principles in education. Dewey argued that education should not simply be the transmission of knowledge but should cultivate critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and social responsibility in students. His experimental school aimed to put his educational ideas into practice, providing invaluable experience for modern educational reform. His works, including "Democracy and Education" and "School and Society," have had a profound impact on educational practice and continue to be widely studied and debated. Dewey's thought was deeply rooted in America's democratic tradition and the context of social change. He worked to position education as a tool for shaping civic character and promoting social progress. In the rapidly developing social environment of the United States at the time, his educational ideas played a significant role in propelling social development.

Dialogues

Dialogues 1

中文

A: 你听说过约翰·杜威吗？
B: 听说过，他是美国著名的教育家和哲学家，对吗？
A: 对的，他的经验主义哲学和教育思想影响深远。你知道他的一些主要思想吗？
B: 我知道他强调学习是个体经验的建构过程，而不是被动接受知识。他还提倡在教育中关注儿童的兴趣和需要。
A: 是的，他认为教育应该促进学生的批判性思维和解决问题的能力。他反对死记硬背，主张体验式学习。
B: 他的教育理念对现代教育改革有很大的影响，对吧？
A: 没错，他的思想至今仍具有重要的启发意义。

拼音

A: nǐ tīng shuō guò yuē hán · dū wēi ma?
B: tīng shuō guò, tā shì měi guó zhùmíng de jiàoyùjiā hé zhéxuéjiā, duì ma?
A: duì de, tā de jīngyàn zhǔyì zhéxué hé jiàoyù sīxiǎng yǐngxiǎng shēnyuǎn. nǐ zhīdào tā de yīxiē zhǔyào sīxiǎng ma?
B: wǒ zhīdào tā qiángdiào xuéxí shì gè tǐ jīngyàn de jiàn gòu guòchéng, ér bùshì bèidòng jiēshòu zhīshì. tā hái tíchǎng zài jiàoyù zhōng guānzhù értóng de xìngqù hé xūqiú.
A: shì de, tā rènwéi jiàoyù yīnggāi cùjìn xuésheng de pīpàn xìng sīwéi hé jiějué wèntí de nénglì. tā fǎnduì sǐjì yìngbèi, zhǔzhāng tǐyàn shì xuéxí.
B: tā de jiàoyù lǐniàn duì xiàndài jiàoyù gǎigé yǒu hěn dà de yǐngxiǎng, duì ba?
A: mòcuò, tā de sīxiǎng zhìjīn réng jùyǒu zhòngyào de qǐfā yìyì.

English

A: Have you heard of John Dewey?
B: Yes, I have. He was a famous American educator and philosopher, right?
A: That's right. His pragmatist philosophy and educational thought have had a profound influence. Do you know some of his main ideas?
B: I know he emphasized that learning is a process of constructing individual experience, rather than passively accepting knowledge. He also advocated focusing on children's interests and needs in education.
A: Yes, he believed that education should promote students' critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. He opposed rote learning and advocated experiential learning.
B: His educational philosophy has had a great impact on modern educational reforms, hasn't it?
A: That's right. His ideas are still of great enlightening significance today.

Cultural Background

中文

John Dewey's philosophy of pragmatism is deeply rooted in American culture, reflecting the nation's focus on practicality and problem-solving.

The emphasis on experiential learning in Dewey's educational theories reflects the American ethos of hands-on experience and self-reliance.

Discussions about John Dewey often take place in academic settings, educational conferences, and philosophical discussions. The language used can range from formal to informal depending on the context.

Advanced Expressions

中文

experiential learning

pragmatism

child-centered education

critical thinking

social responsibility

instrumental

democracy and education

learning by doing

Key Points

中文

Applicable across age groups and to individuals in various fields (education, philosophy, history).,Avoid oversimplifying Dewey's complex ideas.,Contextualize his work within the historical and cultural context of early 20th century America.,Understand that his ideas are still relevant and debated today

Practice Tips

中文

Research Dewey's life and works further.

Practice explaining his key concepts in simple terms.

Prepare for questions about the relevance of his philosophy to modern education.

Discuss how his ideas might be applied in specific educational contexts.